Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature review - Research Paper Example This is rightly so in the sense that when the universities especially those in Canada, provide students with disabilities with the necessary support systems, then the students will be in a better position to learn and excel in their studies. In addition, such students will suffer minimal trauma and low self-esteem (p. 147–160). When it comes to the issue of economic disparities between the normal people and the elderly people with disabilities, Ozawa and Hong point out to the fact that perhaps the negative perception of people with disability is responsible for the same (0P. 238). In this case, the authors determine that people with disabilities tend to secure low paying jobs due to other people’s perception of them and consequently, suffer economic difficulties in their retirement (p. 247). This is perhaps closely related to the perceptions that people develop in schools as Laura and Preyde establish that the students with invisible disabilities have received less attention over the years despite of the fact that they also have unique needs. In this regard such ignorance leads to the lack of proper identity of people with disabilities and this could affect their performance and hence their wages (p. 147–160). While Dunn and Burcaw give a general view of the identity crisis that crops in in the sphere if disability (p. 148 –157), as Laura and Preyde determine the need for Canadian and other universities to observe the dignity of people with disabilities by treating them fairly as the people without any form of disability. This is especially so in the sense that when students with various forms of disabilities receive the necessary facilities to enable them study well, then they will have equal opportunities in the professional world and in the society (p.

Tsarist system of government Essay Example for Free

Tsarist system of government Essay The Tsarist system of government underwent many changes throughout the years of 1881-1914. Both Alexander III and Nicholas II created several modifications, being both good and bad, to the government during these years. Alexander III created mostly negative changes, due to him being seen as a reactionary, whereas Nicholas II created mainly positive changes to the government as a result of the 1905 revolution. These changes can be categorised into political, economic and social modifications. Alexander III made a few political modifications to the Tsarist government. In 1851, he introduced Land Captains. These meant that people, sometimes locals, could be appointed to have more power over the people within their towns or cities, meaning power was seemingly being more wide spread. However, these lands captains were chosen by the Tsar himself, meaning he could manipulate who had extra power based on what he wanted. Therefore, some could argue that this was a negative modification made to the government. Alexander III also introduced the Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in 1881. This showed the Tsars rejection of democracy and further reform, meaning he had further influence and power over everyone else. He also introduced the Statue of State Security in 1881, which allowed for the Okhrana to have more powers. For example, the Okhrana was now able to break into people’s houses without reason or their consent, meaning the government had further control over the population of Russia. Although Alexander III’s political reforms were mostly bad, the introduction of the Land Captains meant that his power was in fact becoming more widespread amongst the population of Russia, and not all of Russia’s power was given to one person. Therefore, the political reforms made by Alexander III showed a slight modification the government during his reign. Nicholas II also introduced several political reforms. These took place after the 1905 revolution. In 1905, Nicholas issued the October manifesto. This gave people a lot more freedom than they previously had. Freedom of speech, organisation and assembly was now made legal; allowing opposition groups to now be able to be more organised as they were allowed to meet in public. Nicholas also introduced the fundamental laws in 1906, which allowed for the government to become more democratic. Under the fundamental laws, Article 87 was introduced, giving the Tsar the complete right to exercise any policy that he wished, without having to gain permission from the Dumas beforehand. The first State Duma was also introduced under Nicholas II in April 1906, which allowed for the population of Russia to have more of a say in the governments decisions. It was believed that the Duma was a step forwards towards a democracy for Russia; however, the Tsar could change and manipulate the Dumas in whatever way he wished through the use of Article 87, mean they were only put in place to make Russia seem more democratic when in reality it was not. Nicholas II also introduced a pro-government terrorist group called the Black Hundreds in 1905, meaning the government had further control over Russia as they were willing to use violence to get what they wanted. All of these new policies introduced by Nicholas seemed like positive reforms, however Article 87 meant that the Tsar could still pass laws and policies without consulting the Dumas beforehand, so really the Tsar and his power still heavily remained in Russia. The modifications made by Nicholas II throughout the years of his reign drastically changed the Tsarist government, showing the fact that Nicholas’ modifications greatly impacted the Tsarist government. Both of the Tsars between the years 1881-1914 also introduced a range of economic reforms. Under Alexander III were Witte, Bunge and Vysknegradsky. Witte made several economic reforms, including the building of the Trans-Siberian railway in 1891, the increase of foreign loans, the gold standard and industrialisation. All of these meant that Russia was now becoming a much richer country, with more exports going to other countries. The production of coal, iron and oil was majorly increased, meaning the country had a lot more sources of income other than just agriculture. The building of the railway meant that trade was much easier, and therefore the countries income was increased as a result. Despite all of Witte’s efforts, Russia still lagged behind other great powers economically, and therefore the economic policies put in place did improve Russia but not as much as Witte intended. Also, Alexander III introduced the Peasants Land Bank in 1862, which meant that peasants would now find it easier to rent land. However, they still had a difficult time paying this back and not many peasants owned land after this was put in place, the majority of land was still owned by the major, richer landowners. As a result, this shows a major change to the government during Alexander’s reign as a wide range of economic policies were introduced by Witte which dramatically improved the countries overall income and as a result Russia was much better off as a country. Nicholas II also put various economic changes in place. These were under Stolypin, who changed a great deal for Russia and put a lot of policies in place. One economic policy which was put in place by Stolypin was the ending of redemption payments for peasants to pay to the Mir in 1907. This in turn meant that peasants had more money to put towards land and farms, meaning they could make more income and not lose any money due to having to make redemption payments. Stolypin also introduced loans for peasants which were easier for peasants to get hold of. This meant that they could own more land and were encouraged to own a farm, and therefore would have an increased income as a result of this. Also, the peasants easily would have been able to pay off these loans due to having an increased income, so as a result peasants were no longer as poor as before. This however can be counter-argued by saying that in 1906-14, only 25% of peasants owned lots of land/farms, showing that this policy did not fully do what was originally intended. Also, the richest 10% of landowners still owned majority of the land, meaning not much of it actually belonged to the peasants. Nicholas II therefore made several economic modifications to the government during his reign which attempted to benefit the peasants of Russia. However, although most of these changes were beneficial to Russia, some of them did not take the desired effect; for example Nicholas II tried to make peasants gain more land, but figures show that majority of the land was still owned by the richest land owners and not peasants. Finally, both Alexander and Nicholas introduced a range of social reforms. Alexander III introduced the policy of Russification in 1883. This meant that the official language of Russia was Russian, and all schools and documents had to be written in Russian; any other language was not allowed. This meant that other cultures and other languages were repressed, as someone could not speak the language of their home country within Russia. This then would have created a further breeding ground for more opposition to the Tsarist rule, so Russification had negative effects on Russia and on the Tsarist government. Alexander III also emancipated the serfs in 188. This was a major social reform for the serfs as it now meant that they had a lot more freedom and were no longer enslaved by serfdom. However, it can be argued that the serfs were no actually freed. The now ex-serfs were still tied to the land, meaning they still had to work on that land for the land owners and they therefore were not actually free. Also, ex-serfs had to pay redemption payments on the land they used to be tied to, so they are having to compensate the government. As a result of these modifications, the Tsarist government was modified in many ways based on Alexander’s social reforms, even if all of his reforms made were not as beneficial as originally thought. Nicholas II also introduced many social reforms. Under Stolypin, Nicholas introduced the policy of every head of each household inheriting some land. As a result, each family would then therefore have some land ownership within the family, meaning they had some source of income if no other sources of income are obtainable. This was a positive reform made by Nicholas II as not as many people faced poverty and poor living conditions and therefore they overall had a better life. Another reform made by Stolypin under Nicholas II was the demolition of the Mir. These meant that peasants had to live within a Mir and had a lot of restrictions based on where they could go and when they could leave. Stolypin got rid of Mir’s in 1908, which as a result gave peasants a lot more freedom than they previously had. The social reforms made by Nicholas II were overall positive as they greatly benefited the population of Russia; mainly the peasants. This then shows that the Tsarist government did face many modifications throughout the years 1881-1914 as Nicholas put in place many social reforms which greatly changed how Russian peasants lived. Overall, it is clearly evident that several modifications were made to the Tsarist government in the years 1881-1914, which were made by both Alexander III and Nicholas II. These took form in political, economic and social changes, and some had positive effects whereas others had negative effects. However, not all of the reforms put in place fully did what they were originally intended to do, and therefore the modifications were drastically made but not to the extent in which they were intended to do so.

First-class Opportunities for Mature Students Essay -- Postgraduate Stu

A recent report has outlined several ways for universities to adapt to the rising amount of older learners seeking higher education. Published by Universities UK, the document addresses the growing demand for courses which are tailored to the needs of students who have completed their careers. The text says that, due to the projected rise in older learners – based upon the increased life expectancy of the UK population and the multiplying numbers of HE applications by this market – universities need to ‘find fresh ways of adapting to and supporting an ageing population’. Within the document, the authors call on universities to assist in promoting demographic change; Professor Chris Phillipson and Jim Ogg (both Keele University staff) say that a changed perception of older generations, and their role within society, can be promoted by higher education institutions through the introduction of fundamental alterations. The text advises universities to increase their involvement with support services aimed at older people, and to actively encourage psychological health in over 50s, ...

Raelism

Aurelian exhibit a very wide v rarity of sexual orientations and preferences such as monogamy and even chastity. Realism o officially describes as an atheist religion. Realism does not demand belief in supernatural beings. Aurelian believe in cloning. In 2002, Aurelian Bishop Brigit Bookseller ran a c many known as Colonial, which made claims that they had succeeded in creating a human CLC nee, named Eve. Aurelian Bishop Brigit Bookseller has refused to allow scientists to examine the child or the technology used to create her. Due to the lack of real evidence, the scientific community consider Eve to be a hoax.Realism seek embassy be created on earth as a neutral space for Leonie. The y prefer this to be created in Israel where the first contacted by the Leonie according to the Aurelian belie fee. They do not wish to force themselves upon humanity. They will fully reveal themselves when ace Pete by humanity. Embassy Realism performs baptisms, known as the transmission of the cellula r plan. Joe inning the Aurelian movement requires denying previous theistic associations before baptizing ca n occur. The ritual communicates new member's DNA makeup to an Leonie extraterrestrial com utter.Realism Holidays Realism celebrate the initiation of new members, which happens four times a year. This is the only known holidays for this religion. 1 . The first Sunday in April: when Aurelian believe the Leonie created Adam a ND Eve. 2. August 6: The date of the Hiroshima bombing, which began the Age of Ap collapse/Revelation. This date is a remembrance and a warning of our own destructive capabilities , rather than as a celebration. This age is also the period in which we become capable of truly u understanding the Leonie rather than erroneously worshipping them as gods. 3.October 7: The date that Real met a variety Of past prophets such as Jesus a ND the Buddha on board an Leonie craft. 4. December 13: The date of first contact between Real and the Leonie. Realism Addressing the problem of Evil Realism resembles traditional religion, they believe in miracles, prayer and life after death but only by cloning. Just as other religions, Aurelian gods are systematically immune to did spoof. They do not force their beliefs upon people and truly believe in Free love. Aurelian are very peace feel people and do not practice evil nor hate towards any living human beings.

Major Functions Of The Skin Health And Social Care Essay

The tegument is the largest organ of the organic structure. Measuring between 1.5 and 2.0 square meters in an grownup, it forms an extended contact country with the environment. This contact presents a assortment of of import challenges, which the tegument must run into in order to protect the organic structure. It besides provides of import chances, which the tegument uses to keep homeostasis.See the challenges and chances posed by contact with the environment and associate them to the major maps of the tegument.The integumental system, dwelling of tegument, hair and nails, act as a barrier to protect the organic structure from the environment. Some challenges and chances posed to the tegument by the environments are ; exposure to sunlight/UV Rays, bacterium, mechanical harm, chemical harm and thermic harm. The integumental system acts as a barrier in three ways: a chemical barrier, a physical barrier and a biological barrier. The integumental system works with the immune system to make a biological barrier. Specialized cells in the tegument discovery and destroy foreign bacteriums. A physical barrier consists of difficult, keratinized cells in the nails, tegument and hair. These cells particularly in tegument and nails help protect the internal variety meats and blood system from external environmental factors. Hair helps to minimalise insects from creeping on the tegument, protect the scalp from physical injury and regulate heat. A chemical barrier is besides due to clamber. The tegument has perspiration secretory organs which secrete substances onto the tegument that stop the reproduction of bacteriums. The tegument besides produces melanin which acts to protect ultraviolet beams from the Sun nevertheless despite melanin ‘s protective factors excessive Sun exposure will finally damage the tegument.2Explain how the constructions of the skin contribute to its maps.35 % 437.5Answer The tegument is the largest organ in the integumental system and has 2 major constituents: the cutaneal membrane or tegument and the accessary constructions. The cutaneal membrane has 2 constituents: the cuticle and the corium. The cuticle is the outer bed of the tegument and the corium is a bed of tegument between the cuticle and hypodermic tissues. The accessary constructions consists of hair, nails and multicellular duct gland secretory organs. The cuticle consists of 5 beds ; the stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum and horny layer. The Stratum basale is the outer bed of tegument, the stratum spinosum is a bed of the cuticle found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. [ 1 ] This bed helps to forestall desiccation, the stratum granulosum is the bed between the stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum, the stratum lucidum is a thin, clear bed of dead tegument cells. It is found merely in countries of midst tegument, most perceptibly on the thenar of the custodies and the colloidal suspensions of the pess and eventually the stratum horny layer is the outermost bed and is filled with ceratin, which is made up of dead cells. The corium is responsible for the strength of tegument. Its chief maps are to modulate temperature and to provide the cuticle with nutrient-saturated blood. Much of the organic structure ‘s H2O supply is stored within the corium. The corium contains most of the tegument ‘s specialised cells and constructions, including: Blood vass, lymph vass, hair follicles, perspiration secretory organs, greasy, or oil, secretory organs, nervus terminations, collagen and elastin. The corium bed is made up of two sublayers, the papillose bed, which contains a thin agreement of collagen fibres. The papillose bed supplies foods to choose beds of the cuticle and regulates temperature. The 2nd is the reticular bed which is thicker and made of thick collagen fibres that are arranged in analogue to the surface of the tegument. The reticulate bed strengthens the tegument, supplying construction and snap. A bed of tissue that lies instantly below the corium is the hypodermis or hypodermic tissue. The hypodermis consists chiefly of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat and Acts of the Apostless as an energy modesty. It contains larger blood vass and nervousnesss than those found in the corium. The hypodermis contains: elastic fibres, hempen sets, fat, blood vass, lymphatic vass, hair follicle roots, nervousnesss and musculus. The tegument includes the undermentioned maps ; protection, esthesis, heat ordinance, control of vaporization, storage and synthesis, soaking up, H2O opposition. The constructions of the tegument all work together to keep the of import maps.3You are exerting on a hot twenty-four hours. Explain two ways in which the integumentary system acts to continue homeostasis20 % 250AnswerTwo ways in which the integumentary system acts to continue homeostasis are sudating and vasodilation. Homeostasis is a term for your organic structure ‘s ability to modulate your internal province, and perspiration is an illustration of this. If your organic structure temperature gets excessively high, one of the homeostatic mechanisms used to convey your temp back to normal is sudating. Eccrine perspiration secretory organs are the major perspiration secretory organs of the human organic structure, found in virtually all tegument. Sweat is clear secernment that is chiefly H2O and salt ( sodium chloride ) . Perspiration reaches the tegument via a canal that opens externally as a funnel shaped pore. Eccrine perspiration secretory organs are a extremely efficient portion of the heat regulation system, they are supplied with nervus terminations that cause them to release perspiration when the organic structure ‘s temperature gets excessively high. When perspiration evaporates off the teguments surface it takes organic structure heat with it. On a hot twenty-four hours you could lose up to 7 liters of organic structure H2O. Another manner the integumental system acts to continue homeostasis is vasodilation. Blood vass providing blood to the tegument can swell or distend – called vasodilation. This causes more heat to be carried by the blood to the tegument, where it can be lost to the air nevertheless if the external environment is every bit hot as or hotter than the organic structure the lone manner to let go of heat is through vaporization of sweat. This is an efficient beginning of heat loss every bit long as the air is dry, if it is humid vaporization occurs at a much slower rate go forthing the individual hot and annoyed. When the organic structure cools down the hypothalamus through the autonomic nervous system tells the ‘heat loss ‘ Centre to exchange off.4Indicate how aging affects the tegument and explicate how these alterations affect its normal map.15 %AnswerAs people age their cuticular cell replacing slows therefore the tegument begins to thin ensuing in an addition of bruising and other types of hurt. The lubricating substances provided by the tegument glands that provides immature looking and soft skin start to go less efficient, ensuing in dry itchy tegument. Elastic fibres and collagen fibres become fewer and stiffer so the tegument has much less snap ensuing in furrows. The lessening in Numberss of melanocytes and langerhans cells produced can heighten the hazard of skin malignant neoplastic disease in older age, particularly if alot of ultraviolet beams are absorbed. UV beams are a major part to the celerity of teguments aging. Over clip, the Sun ‘s beams damage certain fibres in the tegument called elastin. The dislocation of elastin fibres causes the tegument to droop and take longer to mend.Aging besides affects things below the tegument ; loss of fat below the tegument may ensue in loosening tegument, bone loss after the age of 60 can do puckering of the tegument around the oral cavity, gristle loss in the nose causes saging of the rhinal tip.Smokers besides tend to hold more furrows than non-smokers of the same age. Skin alterations associated with ageing pose peculiar jobs for nurses caring for aged people.5Outline the nursing rules involved in tegument attention in the aged.15 %AnswerAged patients are prone to clamber cryings, ulcers, scratchs, annoyance and infection particularly if they are diabetic. If proper tegument attention is non adhered to, it can ensue in sores, dry/painful tegument and even sphacelus. When an aged patient is bathing the temperature of the H2O should be warm instead than hot as aged people ‘s tegument does non incorporate as much oil as it one time did, if all the oil is washed off, their tegument is more susceptible to breakage, which can take to infection. A mild soap should ever be used as it is non rough on their tegument and helps forestall it from going prohibitionist. Due to the loss of natural oils in the tegument, it is necessary to use a moisturizing lotion after a bath and multiple times through the twenty-four hours. Using a moisturizer helps cut down the itching, and the likeliness of infection. It is non uncommon for some aged patients to be confined to their bed 24 hours a twenty-four hours. This is when skin attention is critical, particularly if they are incontinent of intestine and vesica, rinsing and drying the country on a regular basis can cut down the hazard of a fungous infection forming. Aged tegument must be observed on a regular basis to look into for alterations such as moles. MARK SHEET. Workbook 3 Integumentary system Question Marks out of 100 Marks Awarded 1st marker 2nd marker Agree 1 15 2 35 3 20 4 15 5 15 Entire 100 Final Agreed Mark Workbook 1 Workbook 2 Workbook 3 Concluding Percentage

Free Essays on Legaliztion of Marijuana

Attention material: Picture in your mind, a young girl that is almost done with her freshman year of high school. These next few years are supposed to be some of the best years of this girl’s life. But now she has to worry about side effects of chemotherapy. The chemo that this girl has transfused into her has many side effects that come with it. The chemo basically kills a person in order to kill the cancer cells. These side effects include nausea, intense pain and a loss of appetite. There is only one drug that exists today that has the potential to cure all of the above side effects, and that is marijuana. That s right, the illegal drug marijuana. The only thing stopping the doctor to prescribe it to her is the fact that the government has refused to legalize marijuana, despite its medical benefits. Main body One reason why the government should legalize marijuana is because the bad effects of marijuana have been greatly exaggerated. While some people say that marijuana has harmful side effects, there has been n proof for these theories. For instance, some have said that marijuana leads to violence, crime, memory damage, and damage to the immune system, but they have n proof to back p these theories. The government cannot rely n theories, if they, don’t have a solid basis. Another problem with these theories is that many of the studies showing these bad effects have been performed only on animals, and not on humans. It is impossible to tell how a drug will act on a human, with the only examples being animals. n addition to the exaggeration of the bad effects, the government should legalize marijuana because it is doing more harm now than it would if it were legal. One reason why marijuana would be better off legal is because it is a source of violence. Gangs make a large profit from the selling of drugs such as marijuana. ... Free Essays on Legaliztion of Marijuana Free Essays on Legaliztion of Marijuana Attention material: Picture in your mind, a young girl that is almost done with her freshman year of high school. These next few years are supposed to be some of the best years of this girl’s life. But now she has to worry about side effects of chemotherapy. The chemo that this girl has transfused into her has many side effects that come with it. The chemo basically kills a person in order to kill the cancer cells. These side effects include nausea, intense pain and a loss of appetite. There is only one drug that exists today that has the potential to cure all of the above side effects, and that is marijuana. That s right, the illegal drug marijuana. The only thing stopping the doctor to prescribe it to her is the fact that the government has refused to legalize marijuana, despite its medical benefits. Main body One reason why the government should legalize marijuana is because the bad effects of marijuana have been greatly exaggerated. While some people say that marijuana has harmful side effects, there has been n proof for these theories. For instance, some have said that marijuana leads to violence, crime, memory damage, and damage to the immune system, but they have n proof to back p these theories. The government cannot rely n theories, if they, don’t have a solid basis. Another problem with these theories is that many of the studies showing these bad effects have been performed only on animals, and not on humans. It is impossible to tell how a drug will act on a human, with the only examples being animals. n addition to the exaggeration of the bad effects, the government should legalize marijuana because it is doing more harm now than it would if it were legal. One reason why marijuana would be better off legal is because it is a source of violence. Gangs make a large profit from the selling of drugs such as marijuana. ...

Free Essays on College Pressures

The essay, â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser explains the many different types of pressures that college students from all across America face today. As a college student myself, I found that I was able to relate to the essay. When Zinsser wrote the essay in 1979 he was primarily focusing on the students at Yale University and other private colleges with â€Å"high academic standards and highly motivated students.† However, whether it was his intent or not, almost any college student; whether they attend a small community college or a private institution can relate to this essay. Zinsser shows his understanding of the students in many different ways. He writes about their need to succeed, the four varieties of pressures he feels they need to deal with. As master of Bradford College, he tries to steer the students in the opposite direction society is pushing them in. In a round about way, he tells them, even if they don’t believe it, â€Å"Don’t focus every aspect of your life right now, on your future, you have choices!† Zinsser seems to have a sarcastic tone throughout majority of the essay, which I think makes it easier to read and relate to. One of the first points Zinsser brings to the readers attention is Americas view and expectations of college students. This country is known for many of its rights, however, failure is not one of them. Zinsser believes that society is pushing kids too hard to achieve success; and the result is forcing young to grow up too quickly. America and society as a whole puts extensive amounts of pressure on students today. The four kinds of pressure Zinsser notes in the essay are; economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure and self induced pressure. As a college student myself I can relate indefinitely to what he is trying to get his readers to understand and I agree 100%. All four types of pressure Zinsser writes about eventually intertwine and become heavy boulders on ... Free Essays on College Pressures Free Essays on College Pressures The essay, â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser explains the many different types of pressures that college students from all across America face today. As a college student myself, I found that I was able to relate to the essay. When Zinsser wrote the essay in 1979 he was primarily focusing on the students at Yale University and other private colleges with â€Å"high academic standards and highly motivated students.† However, whether it was his intent or not, almost any college student; whether they attend a small community college or a private institution can relate to this essay. Zinsser shows his understanding of the students in many different ways. He writes about their need to succeed, the four varieties of pressures he feels they need to deal with. As master of Bradford College, he tries to steer the students in the opposite direction society is pushing them in. In a round about way, he tells them, even if they don’t believe it, â€Å"Don’t focus every aspect of your life right now, on your future, you have choices!† Zinsser seems to have a sarcastic tone throughout majority of the essay, which I think makes it easier to read and relate to. One of the first points Zinsser brings to the readers attention is Americas view and expectations of college students. This country is known for many of its rights, however, failure is not one of them. Zinsser believes that society is pushing kids too hard to achieve success; and the result is forcing young to grow up too quickly. America and society as a whole puts extensive amounts of pressure on students today. The four kinds of pressure Zinsser notes in the essay are; economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure and self induced pressure. As a college student myself I can relate indefinitely to what he is trying to get his readers to understand and I agree 100%. All four types of pressure Zinsser writes about eventually intertwine and become heavy boulders on ... Free Essays on College Pressures â€Å"College pressures† By William Zinsser â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser is a prefect example of what college students go through everyday. Zinsser categorized the pressures of college into four different classes and gave examples of each. He named them as to be economic pressures, parental pressures, peer pressures, and self-induced pressures; but those are just a glimpse of the topics that plague college students of today. I myself will be discussing the pressures of students in three classes, which are: Junior college students, university students, and private college students. They will be discussed on the points of: major pressure, professor pressure, new environment pressure, first-day pressure, and job pressure. The atmosphere is sort of different when it comes to junior college pressures. The pressure to chose a major is not as technical unless one is thinking of transferring to a university or private college, because at a junior college one can take two years of general classes receive an AA degree and be just as successful as the next man. The pressure on students from professors is not as bad since they are more in touch with their students because of smaller classes and reasonable office hours. New environment pressure is hard for everyone at first but is easily adjusted to because of a junior colleges smaller campus and friendly faces. The pressures of the first day always are scattering the mind of a freshmen student. â€Å" Can I do it by myself, are my professors hard, will I be able to pass my classes, will I be able to find my classes, will anyone help me†, are just some of the many questions one may ask himself on the first day. The pressure of keeping a job is not as ba d for a student in junior college; because one can balance out his work and school schedule to coincide equally. The atmosphere is way more intense when it comes to universities. There is more pressure put on the student to do...

How to Make a Model of an Atom

How to Make a Model of an Atom Atoms are the smallest units of each element and the building blocks of matter. Heres how to make a model of an atom. Learn the Parts of the Atom The first step is to learn the parts of an atom so you know how the model should look. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. A simple traditional atom contains an equal number of each type of particle. Helium, for example, is shown using 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. The form of an atom is due to the electric charge of its parts. Each proton has one positive charge. Each electron has one negative charge. Each neutron is neutral or carries no electric charge. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other, so you might expect the protons and electrons to stick to each other. Thats not how it works out  because there is a force that holds protons and neutrons together. The electrons are attracted to the core of protons/neutrons, but its like being in orbit around the Earth. You are attracted to the Earth by gravity, but when youre in orbit, you perpetually fall around the planet rather than down to the surface. Similarly, electrons orbit around the nucleus. Even if they fall toward it, they are moving too fast to stick. Sometimes electrons get enough energy to break free or the nucleus attracts additional electrons. These behaviors are the basis for why chemical reactions occur! Find Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons You can use any materials that you can stick together with sticks, glue, or tape. Here are some ideas: If you can, use three colors, for protons, neutrons, and electrons. If youre trying to be as realistic as possible, its worth knowing protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other, while electrons are much smaller. Presently, it is believed each particle is round. Material Ideas Ping pong ballsGumdropsFoam ballsClay or doughMarshmallowsPaper circles (taped to paper) Assemble the Atom Model The nucleus or core of each atom consists of protons and neutrons. Make the nucleus by sticking protons and neutrons to each other. For a helium nucleus, for example, you would stick 2 protons and 2 neutrons together. The force that holds the particles together is invisible. You can stick them together using glue or whatever is handy. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. Each electron carries a negative electrical charge that repels other electrons, so most models show the electrons spaced as far apart from each other as possible. Also, the distance of the electrons from the nucleus is organized into shells that contain a set number of electrons. The inner shell holds a maximum of two electrons. For a helium atom, place two electrons the same distance from the nucleus, but on opposite sides of it. Here are some materials you could attach the electrons to the nucleus: Invisible nylon fishing lineStringToothpicksDrinking straws How to Model an Atom of a Particular Element If you want to make a model of a particular element, take a look at a periodic table. Every element in the periodic table has an atomic number. For example, hydrogen is element number 1 and carbon is element number 6. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of that element. So, you know you need 6 protons to make a model of carbon. To make a carbon atom, make 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Bundle the protons and neutrons together to make the nucleus and put the electrons outside the atom. Note that the model gets slightly more complicated when you have more than 2 electrons (if youre trying to model as realistically as possible) because only 2 electrons fit into the inner shell. You can use an electron configuration chart to determine how many electrons to put into the next shell. Carbon has 2 electrons in the inner shell and 4 electrons in the next shell. You could further subdivide the electron shells into their subshells, if you wish. The same process can be used to make models of heavier elements.

Revolt of the masses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revolt of the masses - Essay Example According to the Revolt of the Masses by Jose Ortega the masses has been described in detailed to mean a multitude that is considered through the numbers. He accounts for the masses as a collection of numbers that are discriminative against the minority. He depicts on a new sociological order that he referred to as the masses, which he also says is not a just an ordinary person and is not associated with any particular caste or class. The description he gives to the masses is that they are those people who are products of historical development of the European nations, those who were born for the first time in Europe.According to the description of Ortega to the masses is not enjoyable as he describes them as those who cannot be described by any discipline.The description Ortega gives to the masses is that they posses no quality that can be related to excellence and as he borrows from Goethe, he describes them as ‘to live as one pleases is plebian’.He assets that the mas s man demands more than what is suppose to be accorded to them and have a feeling that it is their right to have it when only a century ago,a group of people considered minority considered that a privilege. The contribution of Ortega in this case shows that he concluded that the nineteenths century provided grounds for the development of a unique lot that would constitutes a dominant social force come the twentieth century.This he said was not going to be a conduit for the development of aristocratic culture that had been the culture for a number the entire millennium. Who are the minorities? Contrary to the masses, Ortega had a different consideration for the minorities whom he described as those with qualifications unlike the masses whom he considered not to be qualified. Ortega considers the minorities to be the most progressive people in the society and who endeavors to create stability in the way socio-political issues are managed. Whereas the masses are ignorant about what the y should demand for, the minorities consider those that are demanded by the masses to be privileges (Gasset 111). The minorities are conscious of very many things in the societal set up and are perceived to be progressive in their dealings, which is pure contrary to the masses. The minority are considered to be better that the masses because they are more qualified, they use their qualification to rationalize issues and are involved in transcending the culture of totalitarianism and authoritarianism. The minority have dedicated their efforts to ensure that there is ne order in the society that allows for justice for all, a system that will provide a level field for dealing with all people irrelevant of the societal status. These qualities were depicted by Ortega and decided to consider the minority as the most preferred people against the masses that seems to be mindful about themselves. Conclusion and assessment of Ortega’s View A careful read of Ortega’s literature w ould give one a sense of understanding of what the mass man is, Ortega describes the mass man as one who is self centered and do not have a feeling of the rest, they do not want to appreciates other culture or see them prosper and knowledgeable on anything. They are very discriminative on everything the minority does; a classical example that can be related in this case is the presence of the Jews in Germany, the Jews were considered the minorities in and faced the most brutal discrimination in the world. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler who also was a staunch Nazi sympathizer, most of the Jews in Germany were persecuted in millions and one incidence that can be quoted in this case is the holocaust incidence in which million of the people were killed. Ortega’s views in the Revolt of the Masses clearly explained the aggression tendency of the masses towards the minority. Ortega explanation of the masses was later manifested in Europe when the minorities were discriminated against,

Guidelines for Country Case Report ( Viet Nam) Essay

Guidelines for Country Case Report ( Viet Nam) - Essay Example on (ASEAN) in 1995, and thereby of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), and signed memorandum of understanding for commercial cooperation with the European Union (USA International Business Publications 121). Moreover, Vietnam consents to all efforts in support of its economic development and foreign investment (122). Despite moderation of trade barriers and enhanced diplomatic relations with more than a hundred territories worldwide, Vietnam remains true to the communist ideals. The Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) still has control of election of government officials, from the highest to the most minor positions; and prohibits establishment of independent political, religious and labor organizations (USA International Business Publications 122). This is one practice that does not correspond with the concepts of globalization; yet seems to have worked well in Vietnam, perhaps because the greater part of its population trusts that it serves the common good. In this case, it is safe to assume that Vietnam recognizes the advantages of international trade but views all states as autonomous (Harrison)—meaning, interdependence may exist but it does not force all states to follow a resolute pattern of governance as was intended for the Washington Consensus. From the surface, this realistic philosophy of Vietnam towards foreign affairs, that is, making certain actions to open itself to globalization yet is not willing to share sovereign powers with other actors (Brawley 47), appears to provoke conflict among those that consider themselves dominant. Following the game theory perspective, however, this can be associated to a game of stag hunt—wherein cooperation among actors is the key to seizing the best price, although delegation of a leader or each actor deciding on its own strategy does not significantly affect the aftermath of the event. As mentioned earlier, Vietnam puts diplomacy at the forefront of all its ventures; and should there be a risk of tension due to

Examination of minimalist architecture and it's influence on our way Essay

Examination of minimalist architecture and it's influence on our way of living - Essay Example Despite this, minimalist architecture, regardless of where it is, who designed it, when it was created or what the end use is intended to be, tends to share a number of similarities. A study of two exemplar structures will reveal how some of the common characteristics of this approach are expressed which can then be used to examine how modern lifestyles might have been influenced by the movement. It is concluded that minimalist design has caused today’s society to be more conscious of the space they occupy, leading to a greater push for ‘green’ design and an effort to protect the environment we live in. Architecture works in many ways to help shape and define a culture. Rather than simply erecting a specific building, the work of the architect can contribute to the advancement of a society through its artistic achievement, engineering or technical advancement, political statement or through a variety of other means. Like art, what a building communicates about the customs and culture of the time in which it is built depends somewhat upon how it is viewed and used by the people around it. Similarly, what it is able to achieve in terms of political or other statements is dependent upon the reactions of these same individuals. Within this context, modernity is often described as a collection of studies into the social processes that order the world we live in while remaining in a constant state of flux. If one is speaking with Marshall Berman, modernity is described as â€Å"a mode of vital experience—experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life’s possi bilities and perils—that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience ‘modernity’.†1 It encompasses the social changes that are constantly taking shape, the way in which these changes are experienced and the reflection of these experiences in various circles. It is a world of definition and ambiguity, a world of

Fantasy Genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fantasy Genre - Essay Example But in the process, Ulrich loses his life and the responsibility of freeing the village from clutches of the dragon falls on the shoulders of the inexperienced Galen. But the determined Galen, helped by a brave princess, Valerian, eventually succeeds in terminating existence of the dragon. But that is not before the story takes some twists and turns, before the evil force (dragon) is vanquished. The film, which went on to be just an average success, included some extremely violent sequences scaring the young viewers. (1) There is no hesitation whatsoever in emphatically stating that this movie belongs to the genre of fantasy, and there indeed are highly valid reasons for stating so. The most striking of all reasons is attributable to the fact that the entire story of the movie revolves around the rampaging dragon. And dragons are nothing but figments of human imagination and fantasy. Next, the movie also encompasses things such as sorcerers and the manner in which youngsters aspiring to become like them (sorcerers) undergo training. Obviously, all these elements are also included only in tales resulting from fantasy. In addition, aspects such as appeasing evil entities by means of human sacrifice, talismans offering protection, among others, are typical of movies pertaining to this genre. (1) At this point, it would be very much appropriate in briefly focusing on some quotes from this movie. For, the same would help not just in having a further understanding of the central characters, but also add weight to the fact that â€Å"Dragon Slayer† is an out-and-out fantasy film. At one point in the movie, Valerian asks Ulrich â€Å"Are you afraid of dragons?† In reply, he says â€Å"No. In fact, if it weren't for sorcerers, there wouldn't be any dragons. Once, the skies were dotted with them. Magnificent horned backs, leathern wings... soaring... and their hot-breathed wind. Oh, I know this creature of yours... Vermithrax Pejorative. Look at these scal es, these ridges. When a dragon gets this old, it knows nothing but pain, constant pain. It grows decrepit... crippled... pitiful. Spiteful!† This conversation between the two characters subtly stresses on a point: during the imaginary times to which some of the fantasy films refer to, sighting dragons was not uncommon and people were highly scared of these creatures. Here, it can again be understood that this movie has elements that resulted from just the imagination of people, a fantasy. (2) In the story, when Galen stops a princess from being offered in sacrifice to the dragon, the wizard, Tyrian, says â€Å"I knew I'd find you here. Well, I'm not as sentimental as his majesty. The kingdom, everyone of us, needs this sacrifice. If you intend to interfere, you'll have to kill me.† Galen responds to that with the words â€Å"I've plenty of reasons to kill you that have nothing to do with this sacrifice.† This particular exchange of words emphasizes on the extent to which superstitions such as human sacrifices were followed by some primitive cults. It is not just that. The reply of Galen is a reflection of his commitment to eliminating the evil forces and saving the good people. (2) As the movie is slowly drawing to an end, Valerian expresses her worry to Galen in this way: â€Å"It's a shield. I made it. Might keep the fire off of you, might not. You know, you're an idiot. You're going to die tonight. You'll be ripped, limb from limb. This is the last time I'll ever speak to you!†

International Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing Mix - Essay Example In case of the consumer base enjoyed by the company, there is a sharp segmentation in terms of the target group. The basic target group of the company includes people in the upper income group starting from the age of 30 and above. Further, the people who have retired and are in the age group of 50 and above, serve as a major source of profitability. Another important source of income for the product is the Internet. Therefore, the important element in the application of the entry point strategy for Tutbury’s is to recognise the age and income groups that predominantly define the demographics in India, before going on to carry out segmentation and reach suitability in terms of the marketing mix. In this case, the entry point strategy may be used as a preliminary process that will help develop the marketing mix. This entry point strategy has been defined throughout the paper in the various elements of the marketing mix so as to find a suitable base for segmentation and subseque nt brand positioning.Entry Point StrategyIn terms of the suitable model to be used for the development of a relevant marketing plan and strategy, we have made use of the International Market Entry Mode Strategy for this company. This strategy is ideal for those companies that wish to diversify geographically. (Walter et al, 1988) This strategy along with others that have to do with market segmentation and brand positioning for maximum customer satisfaction will be used in order to evolve a strategy that is best suited for the purpose.... This is the reason for choosing India as the country where a suitable marketing mix for a brand like Tutbury's will be suggested. Also, in this regard, the paper will carry out a discussion of Tutubury's current marketing and segmentation strategy in order to arrive on the aspects where the entry mode strategy can be introduced and defined to suit the consumer preference in India. About Tutbury's: Born and marketed during the 1920s to the 1960s, Tutbury's was named Thomas, Webb and Corbett to start with until it was known by its present name in 1984, owing to the spot of it factory which was in a 15th century village named Tutbury. 2006 saw a strategic move on Tutbury's part where its factory chose to be based at Stroke - on - Trent, instead of Tutbury's. The branding of Tutubry's has been largely based on norms that revolve around exclusivity and a certain amount of mystery with the nitty gritties of the company. The basic finding that this paper will work on is that Tutbury's has c apitalised on the lifestyles of a certain section of people so as to form a brand identity of its won. As far as the actual product is concerned, it is imperative to identify where its unique features lie. In this regard, Tutbury's is a product that works on the highest quality of glass which is produced primarily from a high standard of full lead crystal. This crystal has a crystal element that can be estimated at over 30%. In case of the consumer base enjoyed by the company, there is a sharp segmentation in terms of the target group. The basic target group of the company includes people in the upper income group starting from the age of 30 and above. Further, the people who have retired and are in the age group of 50 and above, serve as a major source of

_________________ Millennials Say Marriage Ideal but Parenthood the Essay

_________________ Millennials Say Marriage Ideal but Parenthood the Priority, written by Jason Hanna and published on the CNN - Essay Example The article ends by stating that the changing environment, meaning economic, has also helped to change the current culture with respect to how marriage is viewed among Millenials as well as others. While completing an education is a high priority still, finding a good job and establishing oneself has also become almost a requirement prior to considering marriage or child bearing. Essay: Although the above article has very good points and key insights into the generation known as the Millenials, it is however somewhat deceiving as to the true trends that are being represented. Furthermore, when articles such as the one above are published it is always necessary to consider by whom, when, why, and to what end. In this way, this brief response essay will help to consider but a few of these as well as to provide some key reading insights that this author gained from analyzing the above article. Firstly, a common trend in journalism is to create stories where none would otherwise exist. I t is a well known fact that in order to sell journalism must convince the readership/viewership that ideas, cultures, and individuals are changing. Imagine a world in which a newspaper or a television news program reported that absolutely nothing new or interesting was taking place. Of course the idea seems ludicrous. Similarly, one of the primary mechanisms which the media uses to engage the attention of the viewership/readership is to convince them that a fundamental shift is taking place at each and every moment of the day. The above article is not dissimilar to such a tactic in that it has all of the tell tale makers of sensationalist journalism. Firstly, one group is compared to another. Secondly a level of statistical analysis is used. Thirdly, it is determined that based upon the statistical analysis, it is indeed measurable that the current generation does not value traditional morality to the same extent that the previous one did. Although there may be a grain of truth to s ome of the information that the study and proceeding article related, the fact of the matter is that it follows all too similar a pattern with reference to attempting to sell advertising space by playing off the emotions of a concerning citizenry. An additional point of interest is the fact that the article opens by citing â€Å"a new study† and then goes on for some length before admitting that the PEW Research Center was indeed the group that put out such a study. This is not important to the average reader. However, the fact of the matter is that centers such as the PEW Research Center are able to make the lion’s share of their profits by churning out untenable study after untenable study. Most of these are sold to political think tanks and picked up by the media. Accordingly, for each political point of view or journalist, there is a corresponding statistic that can work to tell one particular side of the story. Yet a further flaw of logic and scholarship is refere nced in the fact that the journalist refers to the fact that Gen-X placed a higher emphasis on marriage than did the Millenials based on a similar survey (Hanna 1). One would expect that the survey would have been conducted at the very least by the same group (the PEW

International Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing Mix - Essay Example In case of the consumer base enjoyed by the company, there is a sharp segmentation in terms of the target group. The basic target group of the company includes people in the upper income group starting from the age of 30 and above. Further, the people who have retired and are in the age group of 50 and above, serve as a major source of profitability. Another important source of income for the product is the Internet. Therefore, the important element in the application of the entry point strategy for Tutbury’s is to recognise the age and income groups that predominantly define the demographics in India, before going on to carry out segmentation and reach suitability in terms of the marketing mix. In this case, the entry point strategy may be used as a preliminary process that will help develop the marketing mix. This entry point strategy has been defined throughout the paper in the various elements of the marketing mix so as to find a suitable base for segmentation and subseque nt brand positioning.Entry Point StrategyIn terms of the suitable model to be used for the development of a relevant marketing plan and strategy, we have made use of the International Market Entry Mode Strategy for this company. This strategy is ideal for those companies that wish to diversify geographically. (Walter et al, 1988) This strategy along with others that have to do with market segmentation and brand positioning for maximum customer satisfaction will be used in order to evolve a strategy that is best suited for the purpose.... This is the reason for choosing India as the country where a suitable marketing mix for a brand like Tutbury's will be suggested. Also, in this regard, the paper will carry out a discussion of Tutubury's current marketing and segmentation strategy in order to arrive on the aspects where the entry mode strategy can be introduced and defined to suit the consumer preference in India. About Tutbury's: Born and marketed during the 1920s to the 1960s, Tutbury's was named Thomas, Webb and Corbett to start with until it was known by its present name in 1984, owing to the spot of it factory which was in a 15th century village named Tutbury. 2006 saw a strategic move on Tutbury's part where its factory chose to be based at Stroke - on - Trent, instead of Tutbury's. The branding of Tutubry's has been largely based on norms that revolve around exclusivity and a certain amount of mystery with the nitty gritties of the company. The basic finding that this paper will work on is that Tutbury's has c apitalised on the lifestyles of a certain section of people so as to form a brand identity of its won. As far as the actual product is concerned, it is imperative to identify where its unique features lie. In this regard, Tutbury's is a product that works on the highest quality of glass which is produced primarily from a high standard of full lead crystal. This crystal has a crystal element that can be estimated at over 30%. In case of the consumer base enjoyed by the company, there is a sharp segmentation in terms of the target group. The basic target group of the company includes people in the upper income group starting from the age of 30 and above. Further, the people who have retired and are in the age group of 50 and above, serve as a major source of

Guidelines for Communicating Emotions Effectively Essay

Guidelines for Communicating Emotions Effectively - Essay Example e regular subjects of everyday discussions and just how well these feelings are articulated and recognized is essential to interpersonal associations and personal health and well-being. In the same way, in restorative contexts, improvement depends upon, among other stuff, just how articulately the client conveys his or her feelings and how properly the psychologist comprehends and replies to these gestures. In this paper, we seize an interdisciplinary strategy to comprehending the verbal communication of emotion in many different contexts. All of the languages offer speakers with a cluster of verbal approaches for passing on emotions. In English, for instance, we certainly have plenty of both literal (e.g., irked, upset, raging), and figurative (e.g., switching ones lid, whack a gasket) miens that can be used to explain a technically unlimited variety of emotional states (Bush 432-435). Studies of dialect use in psychotherapy similarly are replete with samples of literal and figurative miens for feelings (Bush 57). Emotions go profound and they are strong. It’s possible to shake off control and vital that you get around them the ideal you can. There are many measures to go through to communicate emotions efficiently, and conveying emotions efficiently can be good for everybody (Johnson 153). Before you may convey your feelings, you really have to understand what precisely you are going through. Can it be rage or anxiety? Joy or satisfaction? The very first thing you ought to do is steam everything down and figure out what the primary feeling is (Wood 234). Emotions can be found in packages. In fact, it is a very common occurrence to feel several emotions. however, determining the primary one can assist another person better know what is going on (Bush 57). Everyones way of feeling differs. Unhappiness, rage, thrill are all offered in numerous ways for every person. Making the effort when youre not mentally activated to take into consideration your emotions

Machiavelli, Plato, Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Machiavelli, Plato, Aristotle Essay Machiavelli in his book â€Å"The Prince† seems to sap the very foundations of morality and stops at nothing short of capsizing the entire edifice of religion. His thoughts resonate with a loathing of true virtue and propagate corrupted politics. Actually, today the term Machiavellianism is used to refer to the use of deceitfulness to advance one’s goals or desires. In ‘The Prince†, Machiavelli breaks from the classical view of virtue as represented by his philosophic predecessors Plato and Aristotle. Whereas his predecessors held virtue in an ideal environment (idealism), Machiavelli defined virtue in a real environment where one is judged by his actions and not by the way his actions ought to be (realism). According to Plato and Aristotle good life only exists in total virtue where a person will be most happy. Plato places emphasis on the extinction of personal desires through love so that one can achieve happiness (Barker, 1959). Aristotle on the other hand believes that an ideal or perfect state brings out the virtue in all men. A person will gain happiness when all their actions and goals are virtuous. This implies that according to Aristotle happiness is a group goal and not an individual goal (Barker, 1959). Plato equally in bringing out the essence of love which must be shared among people suggests that happiness is a group goal. However, virtue in the Machiavellian sense seems to lack a moral tone. By virtue, he alludes to personal qualities needed for the achievement of one’s own ends (Machiavelli, 1998). His view seems to be directed at self interests and not a common goal. In pursuing personal interests, one is not careful about the means by which he does so and therefore is not bound by a moral imperative. In â€Å"The Prince† Machiavelli describes two types of principalities. One is hereditary and the other is acquired. He observes that though no virtue is required to attain a hereditary principality, it takes virtue to acquire and maintain a new principality. The basis of his views does not entirely contradict the classical view on morality, however, he goes on further to illustrate and make allowances for evil, and this is what brings about the contradiction. For example Machiavelli states, â€Å"When a new territory does not share the same language and culture as the prince’s original territory, the prince must have the wisdom and ability to assimilate the new territory† (Machiavelli, 1998). This view wholly concurs with Plato’s on the need for wisdom as a virtue. On ability however, Machiavelli alludes to the use of force or violent means which defies views on classical morality. In the same chapter, he goes on to say that a prince ought to protect his weaker neighbors and prevent the powerful ones from gaining more power. The virtue of courage here echoes the principle virtues as outlined by Plato, courage being one of them. However, Machiavelli encourages the prince not to hesitate in using force to enforce this (Machiavelli, 1998). This goes against the grain of conventional virtue as it encourages people in power to use whatever means, even ruthless, to preserve their power. Machiavelli suggests two ways by which a private citizen can become a prince, either by fortune or by ability. Among those who became princes through ability, Machiavelli cites Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, and Francesco Sforza among others. He gives the example of Borgia who inherited power and later lost it to dissuade princes from depending on fortune but rather to use their abilities to attain success. He makes it clear that virtue or ability is more related to statecraft and less related to morality. In undermining morality, he allows for the use of force to gain and preserve power. He says â€Å"A prince who comes to power by evil means is said to have neither fortune nor ability. Such a prince may gain power, but not glory† (Machiavelli, 1998). By â€Å"evil means,† he refers to the use cruelty in proper and improper ways. He explains that if cruelty is utilized to achieve a necessary goal, then it is proper. However, if it is used to achieve no purpose but to instill f ear into the citizens, it is improper. Consequently, the proper use of force according to Machiavelli is a virtue. This contradicts the virtue of moderation as outlined by Plato which puts restrictions on the use of extreme means such as the use of force to achieve goals. One can infer that Plato would advocate for diplomacy rather than force if a prince aimed at achieving allegiance from his subjects. According to Plato, good life is only attained through perfect love which comes about by a submersion of personal desire. According to Machiavelli, â€Å"a prince does not have to be loved by the people, though still he must not be hated† (Machiavelli, 1998). He goes further to explain that history has revealed that men who were not loved but feared were more effective leaders. A ruler who brings mayhem to his state because of his imprudent kindness should not be considered a good leader. For Machiavelli, the virtue a prince should pursue is â€Å"fear from his subjects and not love (Machiavelli, 1998). Such a prince, he explains, will be able to sustain the morale of his subjects, which takes both wisdom and courage. Therefore according to Machiavelli the prince is better of being feared than loved which contradicts the earlier views of Plato, who placed a great emphasis on the pursuit of love as a major virtue. In chapter eighteen of â€Å"The Prince† Machiavelli argues that total honesty is only practical in an ideal world. However, since the world is characterized by dishonest men, a prince cannot be expected to keep all his pledges. Therefore he should endeavor to use deception to his benefit. Machiavelli uses the analogy of the fox and the lion to encourage the prince to be both cunning and courageous. He explains that whereas â€Å"the fox can recognize snares but cannot drive away wolves, the lion can drive away wolves but cannot recognize snares† (Machiavelli, 1998).In this he means that a prince does not need to possess good qualities but should just appear to possess them, since subjects are only interested in outward appearances if they lead to a favorable end. It is from this view that the term ‘Machiavellianism† has been coined to in today’s usage to mean the use of cunningness to achieve undue advantage over one’s subjects. In comparison to the classical view of virtue, Machiavelli’s view lacks a moral sense. Machiavelli’s work on the prince has received wide criticism from a large front including the Catholic Church. As the devil’s advocate, he seems to break away from the conventional virtues of his predecessors Plato and Aristotle openly deriding the church and its fundamentals. Whereas Plato and Aristotle relate living virtuously to godliness, Machiavelli’s virtue involves lying and subordinating atrocious means to practical ends. Realism, which Machiavelli subscribed to, has been defined as a cynical view to politics devoted to furthering personal interests with no regard to moral or religious structures (Schaub, 1998). This view implies that a prince can be at odds with the moral virtue, a contradiction to the classical concept of virtue postulated by both Plato and Aristotle. At a glance of Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, we largely infer that he goes all out to ill advice the prince against the classical virtues of his predecessors. He seems to herald the triumph of evil over good. However, taking a critical look at the work, one cannot help but notice gaps and disjunctions in the text. For example the characters he picks to illustrate his case. In showing the proper and effective use of cruelty in chapter seventeen, he uses Hannibal and compares him to Scipio as compassionate and therefore ineffective. This is violently at odds with the truth and is ironic at the same time because Scipio accused of compassion defeats Hannibal at the battle of Zama (Machiavelli, 1998). Also, Machiavelli writes in Italian and not Latin, the language of the scholars of whom the princes are. This leaves the question as to who exactly was his target audience. Was he really advising the princes who already knew how to be cruel or was it the subjects, and if the subjects then for what purpose. Therefore, just as much as we have illustrated how Machiavelli strays from the classical virtue, it rests upon the attentive reader to ingest and make a personal judgment as to what Machiavelli really intended to put across.

Teen Alcoholism :: Teen Drinking

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1991, a study by the United States Surgeon General’s office stated that 8 million out of the 20.7 million young people in grades 7 through 12 drank alcoholic beverages every week. It went on to say that 454,000 of those youngsters reported weekly binges (Claypool 21).† In the United States and all over the world underage teens are drinking, and it may be because they just don’t know about alcohol and its effects (Monroe 56). Underage or teen drinking is a major problem today that is increasing more and more, and something needs to be done to stop this increase and to control the number of underage drinkers. There are many statistics that show just how big this problem is amongst our youth. One frightening statistic that shows how much this problem has been increasing is that between 1948 and 1988 the percent of teen drinkers increased by 57 percent (Nielsen 47). Many parents may think that their child may not drink until they are much older, but the average age that teenagers try alcohol is between the ages twelve and sixteen (9). Also, a 1995 study taken by the University of Michigan stated that 35 out of 100 high school seniors drank 5 or more drinks at one time at least once during their two week survey period (Claypool 10). â€Å" A recent poll by the National Association of Student Councils found that alcohol was the leading school problem and 46 percent [of students] said it was the school’s most serious problem (Monroe 53).† This may be because alcohol is very dangerous because it is a poisonous drug that can be very addictive (Mitchell 6). In order to help solve this problem of underage drinking we must first try to understand why teens drink alcohol. There are many reasons why a young teen may choose to drink alcohol. A national survey, taken in 1995, showed that 87 percent of parents thought that teens drank because of peer pressure, but 79 percent of teenagers said it was just because they liked the feeling they got when they drank (27). The main reason and the biggest reason why teens drink would probably have to be peer pressure, but there are many other reasons other than peer pressure why a teen might drink. â€Å"In addition to peer influences, some experts believe that media depiction of alcohol use in print advertising, television and radio commercials, and fictional television programs such as sitcoms and dramatic series glamorizes alcohol to young people and can influence their decision to drink (Mitchell 28).

A Comparison of Plutarchs The Lives of the Ancient Grecians and Romans

A Comparison of Plutarch's The Lives of the Ancient Grecians and Romans and Shakespeare's Julius Caesar When closely evaluating the two texts: Plutarch's The Lives of the Ancient Grecians and Romans and Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, there are stark differences of the theme and characters. While Plutarch's text is mostly informative, as describing a series of historical events, Shakespeare incorporates a wide variety of dramatic conventions as well as changing many events to entertain an audience. It is important to note that Shakespeare's play was based on Plutarch's text, which is why many of the differences are because of Shakespeare's revision. Shakespeare changes the tone of many important characters such as Marcus Brutus and Mark Antony. He also adds details to make the storyline heroic and inspiring. Plutarch's text is a third-person view on the events, with little explanation of people's opinions and thoughts. Plutarch describes Brutus as merely one of the conspirators that took a little persuading. After Brutus joined the conspiracy, he rapidly gained control. In the...

Silent Stars

Home. Finally. I turn off the heater, the lights, and then the engine. Work was difficult. Another 7-hour shift, completed. I grab my belongings, open the door, and walk to my house. The dogs are barking already. The ferocious bark of Reggie and the low, almost growling of Checkers can be heard from the porch. I open the door to find the addition lights on. Everyone else is asleep. The dogs greet me with their usual delight. Checkers sniffs my legs, and Reggie stars at me, wagging his little â€Å"nubbin.† Turning back to the door, I turn the lock. With a little push, I make sure the door is completely closed. I turn the knob once to make sure it is actually locked. You just never know if someone will come in your home in the middle of the night. I pull the cord, and turn off the light. I hate the dark. My parents snore so loudly. Creeping past their bedroom to my own room, I open the door slowly in an attempt to smother the inevitable screeching sound. â€Å"Erin? Is that you?† Dad asks the instant the door sounds. â€Å"Yeah, Dad. I'm home.† I turn on my bedroom light, and close the door. There's no need to worry about the sound it makes now. Dad is already awake. My shoulder throbs from all the weight I'm carrying. I put my book bag down in the corner of the room. Placing my orange bag on my bed, I begin to take out all the clothes that need washed. First, my tennis shorts, then my shirt, then my socks, then my shoes. Yep, everything's there. Next, I take out my school clothes: my jeans, my shirt, and my shoes. Good, didn't forget anything. Finally, I take the clothes and put in them in the hamper. I'll never remember in the morning. I go to my closet to pick out my pajamas, choosing my undergarments first. Next, I choose a shirt to sleep in. The last article is my pants. Everything has to match. If they don't, I have to put them back. Another ten-minute process. Time to shower. The smell of grease, fries, and fat, fast food is overwhelming at night. I slowly slide the door closed, turn on the light, and open the hamper. Showering quickly, I make sure to wash my hair twice. I hate stiff hair. I turn off the water and dry myself. Then, I get dressed, and get ready to brush my teeth. I take my toothbrush out of the holder. The nice, shiny, pink cover needs removed. Taking off the cover and placing it to the left of the sink, I wet my toothbrush once and apply the toothpaste. I wet the brush again. Brushing my teeth slowly, I make sure to get every tooth perfectly clean. Last, I slowly make soft circles on my front teeth making sure to get them cleaned extremely well. I run the brush under the water again, and then rinse my mouth with the hottest water that will come out. Spit the water out, then rinse again. It's normal in my routine. Now my mouth is clean enough to talk. I sneak to the computer room, and quietly snatch the phone from its charger. Returning to my room is difficult. I have to slowly close the door to avoid waking my parents. I hold the phone under a pillow so my parents can't hear me dial. Placing my finger on the 9, I dial his number with ease even though I cannot see the buttons I am pushing. Memorizing the location of the numbers on the phone has made this action easier. I quickly cover my head before he answers the phone to drown out the sound of my voice. He picks up and we talk for a while. The floor creaks as the furnace turns on. The sound is reassuring to me now. We hang up after a half an hour and I sneak the phone back to the computer room. I'm almost ready to sleep. I walk back to my room and close the door for the final time. Turning on the radio to Q 102, I grab the pink dinosaur he bought me for Easter, and climb into bed. Quickly I pray for my family and my friends and thank God for all the days he has given me. When I am finished talking to God, I shut my mouth, and then my eyes. The excitement of the day runs through my head again. I wonder about the events that have happened. If I had said something differently, or acted in a different way, what would have happened? Thinking about the fun things that occurred at work and school today makes me smile. My friends are impossible to replace. My mind seems to jump around more quickly now. That's the sign I was looking for. I am getting close to sleep. As I begin to drift off, I listen to the radio. The words I hear begin to float in my head: â€Å"I probably wouldn't be this way. I probably wouldn't hurt so bad. I never pictured every minute, without you in it. Oh, you left so fast. Sometimes I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

What Effects the Bounce of a Dropped Ball

Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the efficiency of a bouncing ball, and the factors which affect its efficiency. Hypothesis If I increase the height from which a ball is dropped, then the bounce height will increase because it will increase the speed and create a larger impact, causing the ball to bounce higher then dropping it from a lower height. Materials 1. High bounce ball 2. Measuring tape 3. Tape 4. Wall Risk AssessmentH- Cutting yourself with the measuring tape C- Handle with care and ensure that it is locked Method 1. Hold the measuring tape with the 0 centimeter end on the floor. Then tape the measuring tape to a wall. 2. Hold the bottom of the high bounce ball in place with the 100 centimeter mark on the measuring tape. 3. Drop the ball and determine the total bounce height of the ball, which would be the distance from the surface to the bottom of the ball at the top of its bounce. . Continue till you have data for 3 tests. 5. Repeat steps 2-5 for drop heig hts 80 cm 60 cm 40 cm 6. Average all the data. Variables Independent variable = drop height Dependent variable = bounce height Controlled variables = ball, surface, measuring tool Data Table Height a Ball Bounced From Different Drop Heights DROP HEIGHT (CM) TEST 1TEST 2TEST 3AVERAGE 10050495150 8038394039 6031293030 4022202120 Graph

Barrack Obama Inaugural Speech Analysis Essay

Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech was in many ways similar to his predecessors, cleverly written, thoroughly rehearsed and immaculately delivered. However in many ways it was different, different in the colour of Presidents skin, different in the time the oath was taken â€Å"amidst gathering clouds and raging storms†, different in the state of Americas economy. America wanted change and barrack Obama was that change. His inaugural speech was the first time he didn’t need to win votes or fight his campaign, instead he needed to earn the respect of his people, and he did it masterfully. Obamas main aim at the start of the speech is to make a connection with the audience and gain their support. He does this by moving from singular â€Å"I stand here today† to the plural â€Å"We the people† which engages the audience to make them feel involved and significant with the use of personal pronouns. The following sentences continue towards this goal with the use of anaphora â€Å"they are† â€Å"they are† â€Å"they will be† â€Å"they will not be† he does this to instil the audiences confidence in Obama and show that he is in control of the situation by repeating the authoritative phrases. This also incorporates antithetic parallelism â€Å"they will not be† â€Å"they will be† this is used to give the impression Obama is overcoming a problem by first using the negative not implying an issue and then the positive â€Å"will be† showing it is overcome, furthering the audiences assurance in Obama. Addressing the audience as a nation is used to rouse feelings of loyalty and patriotism extending Obamas connection with the audience by establishing the common feeling of pride in their country, and consequently their president. Once Obama has established a bond and created a sense of community amongst the audience he begins the transition from past tense to future which is cleverly done with the use of repetition â€Å"so it has been. So it must be† which prepares the audience for hard hitting issues which Obama raises unambiguously â€Å"our nation is at war† â€Å"homes have been lost† â€Å"our schools fail too many†, the open manner Obama presents these issues in make the audience feel trusted and the use of the personal pronoun â€Å"our† makes the audience feel responsible and powerful in solving these predominant problems. When addressing these issues Obama use emotive and language and imagery such as â€Å"violence and hatred† and â€Å"greed and irresponsibility† which adds emotion and shows the audience that Obama is passionate about solving the problems he faces which adds impact and conviction to the line â€Å"know this America they will be met† which regains the trust and support of the audience by promising that he will solve these problems. Obama adds emphasis and effects on messages by drawing a contrast â€Å"rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace† compared to â€Å"gathering clouds and raging storms† by talking about the opposite in a positive manner â€Å"raising tides of prosperity† it makes the later, negative phrase â€Å"raging storms† even more powerful and impactful. Throughout Obamas speech he tries to appeal to all members of Americas â€Å"patchwork heritage† He tries to bond the all members of the country b y addressing â€Å"Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus† and bravely â€Å"non-believers† by addressing them all as a one nation.

Entry into foreign market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entry into foreign market - Assignment Example Analyzing the market condition in Myanmar, have shown ample opportunity for the foreign companies to expand and enter Myanmar. Investing in Myanmar can sound very lucrative as the market is surrounded with diverse range of business opportunities and is rich in natural and mineral resources so Cameron International Corporation has all the valid reason to expand its business and expand into oil and gas resources in Myanmar. However with opportunities of the company to enter Myanmar, the foreign country is also associated with risk such as low economic growth. The economic growth is rated below the potential growth about 6% in the fiscal year 2012-2013 which is driven by FDI in sectors such as infrastructure, oil and energy. Consumption seems to remain stable built it does not contributes towards the economic growth due to the population under the poverty line. Inflation is expected to reach about 5.8% in 2012 and 2013 and this is because of the inability of the central bank to induce m onetary growth. The GDP is also expected to deteriorate along with the service sectors. Further Myanmar had in the past two set of exchange rates which recently changed into a single exchange rate which aims to remove distortion of market favoring the mode of entry through FDI. Myanmar is among the emerging market and has been undergoing economic as well as political reform and doing business in Myanmar are subject to risk and thus Cameron International Corporation should thoroughly investigate the conditions of the market. before entering the market. But Myanmar has huge opportunity and it is feasible to enter the market. VRIO Analysis The VRIO framework was initiated by Barney and VRIO stands for Valuable, Rare, and Inimitable and organized (Kazmi, p.127). Valuable: If Cameron International Corporation enters Myanmar, it will be valuable for the company as Myanmar is well versed in natural and mineral resources and the company entering the market with its oil and gas will proved t o be valuable for the company and the economy as a whole. Therefore it can be said that the entry into Myanmar market is valuable and should be encouraged so that better opportunity and business prospective are developed and leads to economic growth. Rare: Cameron International Corporation provides flow equipment and pressure control equipment for both land and sea oil rigs and incurs revenue of $6,134.8million along with net profit of $562.9million in 2010. Since Myanmar has huge natural and mineral resources, the company will be able to utilize it effectively. Inimitable: the work done by the companies are hard to imitate as it requires heavy capital and huge brand name. The company has a huge brand name and is able to generate

Atkins Diet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atkins Diet - Research Paper Example Some of the popular diets are low carbohydrate diets, low fat diets, correct carbohydrates diet and perfect proportions and careful combinations diet. Atkins diet is one of the popular diets recommended for weight reduction. In this article, the benefits and harms of Atkins diet will be explored through review of literature and critical analysis. Atkins diet is a type of low carbohydrate diet that was first introduced by Dr.Robert. C. Atkin in 1972 and revolutionized in the 1990s (Goodwin, 2006). The diet mainly constitutes high-protein meats, poultry, eggs and full-fat dairy products. The diet banishes carbohydrate foods like rice, bread and pasta and encourages intake of high-protein, high-fat food. Atkins diet is based on the fact that consumption of carbohydrates raises the glucose levels in the blood which in turn triggers insulin secretion from the pancreas (Harvard Medical School, 2007). However, high insulin levels make the person feel hungry and this again leads to increased carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate meal is more satisfying and people prefer to eat such meals when they are hungry. The weight gain thus continues. On the other hand, fatty diet is more satisfying and filling and people tend to eat less. Fatty diet does not make the insulin levels surge. Also, diets low in carbohydrate cause dehydration because not much water is released in the metabolism. Hence the body mobilizes carbohydrates from the stores in the liver and muscle. This results in weight loss (Harvard Medical School, 2007). There are basically four phases in the Atkins diet. They are induction, ongoing weight loss, premaintenance and maintenance phases. The duration of each of the phases depends on the extent of obesity of the person and response to the diet. Most often than not, Atkins diet is recommended in the induction phase during which time, carbohydrate intake is restricted to less than 20 grams per day. Most of the carbohydrates are to be derived from

Comparative Paper Between the Bible and the Quran Research

Comparative Between the Bible and the Quran - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that one’s practical approach must be to agree on the issues on which there are no misunderstandings or disagreements. Be silent on other issues-either believe or disbelieve. Read them if you wish; do not read them if you do not wish. This is the practical example of mutual tolerance, which is applicable in the secular world also. Silence is the greatest virtue that can be practiced, when one senses tension on any issue, for human history is the witness—contentious issues have never been solved through violence or wars! This paper makes a conclusion that the differences and contentions about Noah’s flood etc. may not be a major issue as for the relationship between two faiths, but as we all know a tiny spark on religious misunderstandings may lead to a wild fire. The mind-level human sentiments are easily inflamed. This story about the flood and Noah’s Ark is one of the most read stories in the Bible. It involves tragedy and it is a story of salvation. The story of destruction of mankind and its re-growth kindles deep curiosity and gives the grim reminder as to what could have been the conditions and sufferings of all those affected, when a gigantic flood drowns them all. It raises serious questions about the then prevailing conditions in the society as to warrant such an action by God! It also instructs humanity to be away from the evil influences and lead a divine life, surrendering everything at the hands of the All-Merciful! He knows what is good for us in the given circumstances o f life!

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes - Essay Example The point is that Bacon considered the reality as perceptional, empirical thing, that’s why the only knowledge that can be reliable for humans is the perceptional one. Rational thinking only processes the empirical information. Descartes’ method or rational analysis of deduction is about thinking only. Descartes claims that any knowledge that we get must be questioned by doubt not to take wrong and mistaken information for truth. By deduction Descartes means analyzing the reality by finding the most elementary truth, which lately will lead to some bigger truth and this consistent order of research must reveal the origins of everything. But the main rule in this inquiry is to be skeptical, because only skeptical approach can discern wrong and truthful knowledge and select the appropriate one to move on in exploration. Bacon’s and Descartes’ methods are obviously totally different, because the fundamentals the thinkers use in their approaches are considered to be opposite. Descartes uses rational thinking and doubt-based analysis, while Bacon claims that the only thing researcher can rely on is empirical knowledge. Both Locke’s and Hobbes’ political theories are based on the concept of social agreement (contract). But the main essential difference between the roles of government in these theories is in their opposite views on basis of society: Hobbes claims that society is based on feud of people with each other, when Locke says that it is equality what makes people to conclude social agreement.

UNO Peace Keeping Operation in Middle East Research Paper

UNO Peace Keeping Operation in Middle East - Research Paper Example Earlier after First World War, League of Nation was established for this purpose but it failed and Second World War started. In 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt, the President of United States of America had a meeting with Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of United Kingdom of Great Britain. It paved the way to Atlantic Charter, which referred to a set of principles to maintain global peace and cooperation among the comity of nations. After two years in 1943, both the leaders, along with Joseph Stalin of Russia, emphasized to establish an organization to maintain international peace. In 1944, at Dumbarton Oaks conference in Washington D.C., the first sketch of UN was drawn and in February 1945, these three leaders established a voting process for the United Nations (Webel and Galtung 2007, 95)1. In 1945, in San Francisco, legislative body of 50 countries had a joint agreement to save the world from the barbaric consequences of war. In addition, to maintain security UNO charter includes poverty reduction, providing health and education facilities and provide financial assistant to needy members (Barash and Webel, 2008) . To maintain peace in the world UNO has established special subsidiary known as United Nation peace keeping operation it help countries to deal with disturb and quarrelling areas. The major division of the United Nations for peacekeeping is Security Council. It has 15 members out of which five permanent member nations have the power to veto any kind of decision even if most of the members agree to a resolution. These permanent five members having power to veto any resolution are: France, Russia, China, United Kingdom, and United States of America. These countries took part in the formation of United Nations and defined certain norms for United Nations to be followed (Durch 1993, 23-85)3. Therefore, an entire change in their biased approach is strongly needed and their mistakes of past should not be repeated again. This revolutionary change can only take place if the members of the UN make proper and unbiased use of their veto power beyond any prejudice and ambiguity and merely in favour of justice. As per statistics of December 31,2010, there are about 1,23000 troops working at 16 sites under the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations(DPKO) in the four continents directly impacting hundreds and millions of people by saving their lives and providing security to the instable areas of the world. The UN peacekeeping operation does not have the troops of its own; instead it depends on the contribution by Member states, therefore, 115 countries have engaged their military and police personnel in line with UN peacekeeping mission (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004)4. The first task UNPKO took was during 1950’s .In 1960 one of complex and controversial task assign to UNPKO was Congo mission which lasted till June 1964.UN was successful in its mission but committed some mistakes ( Sitkowski 2006, 206-96)5. The UN peacekeeping force entered Congo as a neutral entity to enact law and order. After two years it started to support actively the Congolese government for the secession of the province of Katanga. The transformation of UN from a neutral peace keeper to an evident quarrelsome was observed. Although UN was succeeded in achieving its basic mission in Congo, but at the end of crisis it was not crowned as true peace keeper force (Barash and Webel 2008, 506)6. Similarly when the Beirut force was established, principles of

Management Essay Example for Free

Management Essay Our group feels that this question can be answered in 2 different ways namely, from the manager’s perspective or from the employee’s perspective for each aspect of Ajzen’s theory. 1. Attitude toward the behaviour  In this case, the ‘attitude’ here refers to that of the recession. From employees’ perspective – employees will be low in spirits and morale during a recession as they know that there is a high possibility that they will be retrenched by the company. From manager’s perspective – The manager will have a positive attitude about improving the performance of the employees during a recession because if they do not do so, the company will take a long time or never recover from the recession. The manager can improve the employee’s performance by a. Communicating with the employees about the recession and the possible impacts it will have on the workplace. b. Provide continuous feedback which includes occasional recognition and rewards to boost their morale. c. Attribute the employees’ consistent performance and update them on the state of the economy. 2. Subjective norm From employees’ perspective – employees feel that they should not give in their 100% at work in times of a recession as the likelihood of being retrenched is still prominent, so why work so hard? They are pressured by their peers to act in this manner. From manager’s perspective – managers are pressured by the top management (CEOs, shareholders) to think of ways to improve the employees’ performance. Such methods are as mentioned earlier above. 3. Perceived Behavioural Control  From employees’ perspective – it is very easy to succumb to peer pressure and not give in their best in their work in times of a recession. From manager’s perspective – managers are completely in charge on their intention to improve the employees’ performance during a recession as it is their job to do so.

Overview of Translation and Translation Training

Overview of Translation and Translation Training LITERATURE REVIEW Background of translation (300w) According to Newmark (1988), translation is a process of rendering the meaning of information from a language (usually called source language) into another language (usually called target language) following the intention of the author, the purpose of the information themselves and the demand of the target languages readers. Translation, sometimes, is a definition used for both written and oral transferring; however, it is considered as written information transferring more often. Oral transferring refers to interpretation. In this research, we define translation as the transferring process of written information from a source language into another target language, which can [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] convey its original tone and message and blind the barrier of cultural and regional diversity between the two languages. There are now available two popular methods of translation: semantic translation and communicative translation. It is classified so based on the comparison in meaning and contents with the source languages texts. Semantic translation is considered as faithful translation, this translation method looks on the author, his/her words choice, structure and expression are saved carefully. Whereas, communicative translation looks on the readers, the purpose of this method is to give information, so the translator should render the meaning and the aim of the article. There are also other methods of translation, such as: word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, adaption, free translation, idiomatic translation, etc. The function or the nature of translation, similar to language is to communicate. As a result, a good translator should not only choose one suitable method for the text or only focus on transferring the messages from one language into another. A good translator can, however, deliver those to the readers of the target language and balance the both cultures and regions in his/her translation. To meet this demand, a translator should understand the writing of the target language thoroughly and know the socio-cultural situation of the text deeply. According to Harris Brian (1976), translation should continue to be practiced in our secondary schools and might even be extended in some places to primary school. Being a good translation, a learner has no choice but practicing to improve his/herself. Background of translation training (700w) Wu Lei (1999) defined translation training as a process where the application of translation theories is widely spread or delivered to linguistic learners. To clarify the importance of translation, Wu Lei has taken an example in China, where translation is an indispensable element in industrialization and modernization process of the country. Moreover, translation shows its influence in analyze the professional of linguistic learners. Their profession in translation reflects the abilities of them in both their mother tongue and the foreign languages because, a learner have to master at least both of the languages to ensure becoming a translator. In conclusion, people realize the roles of translation in both linguistic training and in the distribution of a country. Although translation has appeared and marked its importance for thousand years with the mission of contributing the world, motivating knowledge discovery, enhancing human life as a mean for communicating and interacting among cultures and regions; translation studies has just been recognized since the 20th century. It is no doubt that translation training is still included in the new area to study, in compare with its appearance and its undeniable roles in the development of human being. In China, translation is taught, generally, in the third year, after linguistic students of a university finish their advanced writing courses or after they finish the course about 4-basic English skills in China. In compare with Vietnam, the linguistic students can also have a chance to study translation and theories of translation in the first year like Schools of Foreign languages or Hanoi University. It is taught so because the students may cope with many difficulties in translation learning if their four basic English skills is not professional. In addition, translation training in the early year just focuses on translating materials from other languages into the translators mother tongue. Not until the development of industrialization and modernization process in some countries, particularly in asia, happens, does translating from the translators mother tongue into other languages catch more attention. Despite the awareness of people about translation roles in modern time, translation methodology and training faces many difficulties. The experts understand that translation must concentrate on the cultural difference or, in other words, it is that translation into target language should be accurate, accurate means that ensuring the whole meanings of sentences or a document, and the cultural suitability of the translated texts. A translator must make sure that they have a wide range of background knowledge about every field and area and master all the linguistic skills required. Nowadays, translation teaching is clearly illustrated in two main ways. The first way is that the lecturer first gives the piece of writing for the students to translating. After that, the students will translate it into the target language and explain the methodology they use and skill related to the exercises. The second way, theories and methodologies are delivered to the learners first, then, they will use them to translate a given text. These two methods still have their disadvantages, especially, they base on the profession of the lecturers. A lecturer should have knowledge on all aspects of the world and master all translating skill and theories to deliver them to their learners correctly and effectively; it says that, a lecturer has to be extremely hard-working and excellent. Moreover, it expresses the limitation in learning materials, self-practicing and human resources. The problem is that learners who want to improve themselves cannot just rely on their lecturers but on pr acticing itself. In terms of reference resources, students could get the information in parallel texts. Printed dictionaries, company sites and specialized press in addition to online dictionaries. These tools can be a convenient guide during translation processing, along with in-class activities, for terminology and documentation purposes. In general, due to the shortage of materials and research about translation training until now, the resources about how to learn and to teach translation at university are still limited, except for practicing and improving oneself. The roles of human in translation process is undeniable, however, writing in his research about Machine Translation over fifty years, John Hutchins (1976) said that, although internet and technology in 20th century is not developed enough to meet the need of people in translating fields, machine translation will be used more widely in the future. It leads to the fact that a translator should try harder to win the limitation of machine translation and to meet the requirements of the market. For more optimistic, John strongly highlighted on the development of technology that can play a role as a supporter for human, especially translator in the future. An Overview of ICT and e-learning (500-600w) Definition of ICT (100w Thanh) Generally, ICT or Information and Communicative Technologies are understood as technologies that support activities involving information. More specifically, according to Random House Dictionary, ICT is defined as a branch of knowledge (as cited in Khaled S. Lynne B.) that includes the combination of informatics technology with other, related technologies, specifically communication technology (Gokhe, p. 1), and as referred by Stephen Heppell, is the foundation of creativity and productivity (as cited in Megha Gokhe, p. 1). It is a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, ad to create, disseminate, store and manage information (Meenaksi, 2013) which implies to be used, applied and integrated into all activities related to life, society and particularly in education. E-learning: An application of ICT in daily life (150w Cà ´ng) ICT has been applied in many ways in daily life. Celebic and Rendulic (2011) indicate several applications of ICT, namely providing internet services such as e-commerce, e-banking and e-government; facilitating e-learning and teleworking environments; and setting up virtual communities. The concept of e-learning varies in different research studies. In the broadest sense, e-learning means any form of learning that is enabled electronically (Abbad, Morris, Nahlik, 2009; Celebic, Rendulic, 2011). Its concept, however, is narrowed down to mean any learning that is internet-enabled or web-based (LaRose, Gregg Eastin, 2003 as cited in Abbad et al., 2009). E-Learning brings about many benefits for students, teachers and educational institutions. Firstly, e-learning benefit students by improving access to education and training (Alexander, 2001; as cited in Gilbert, Morton, Rowley, 2007); giving them adaptive time, place and pace of learning; providing them with unrestricted repetition of lectures; and creating multimedia environment with video, audio and text (Celebic Rendulic, 2011). Besides, for teachers and educational institutions, it reduces costs of conducting teaching, enables educational staff to implement the respective education in a short time and allows simple upgrade of materials. (Celebic and Rendulic, 2011). Web-based Learning and Web-based Application in Translation Training (1400w) Definition and current situation of Web-based learning and Web-based Application in Translation Training (200w Thanh) Web-based learning is defined as a subset of e-learning and refers to learning using an internet browser such as the Moodle, Blackboard or Internet Explorer (Mikre, 2011, Operational definition of terms). SarÄ ±ca (2008) defines web-based learning theory as education that occurs only through the Web, that is, it does not consist of any physical learning materials issued to students or actual face to face contact (Theory of Web-Based Learning, Web-Based English Language Learning). Cook (2007) states web-based learning encompasses all educational interventions that make use of the internet (or a local intranet) (p. 37). Currently, web-based education is a promising field with the rising number of students enrolled in online classes (Su, Bonk, Magjuka, Liu, Lee, 2005). Several studies (Lewis, Alexander Farris, 1997; Waits Lewis, 2003) estimates that the number of students taking distant programs has gone up from around 750,000 to more than three million within six academic years from 1994-1995 to 2000-2001 (as cited in Su et al., 2005). This learning form requires a network like the World Wide Web which enables language learners to overcome the physical barriers in terms of time and space and quickly access materials in many foreign languages and cultures. Peter J. Yangs article mentions several advantages of learning via networks including access to authentic materials, flexible scheduling, location independence and enhanced communication (n.d., pp. 81-82). Roles of web-based learning (400w Thanh) SarÄ ±ca identifies several roles including knowledge generation, collaboration and process management. In a web-based learning setting, the learner is expected to work out solutions to problems. Also, they are responsible for viewing issues and questions of the teacher and other students. Besides, students in the web-based learning environment are recommended to work collaboratively and cooperatively so as to come up with deeper levels of understanding of the course material. They are expected to share the resources and materials that they are finding with alternative learners. As for the role of process management, students are supposed to participate with minimal guidelines, interact with one another and speak up when the discussions are moving into an uncomfortable zone (SarÄ ±ca, 2008, p. 6). Strengths and Weaknesses (300w Cà ´ng) In general, online learning environment offers many advantages in comparison with traditional classrooms. Evans and Fan (2002) suggest three main benefits of learning online, namely place independence, flexible time and adaptive pace for study (as cited in ODonoghue, Singh Green, 2004). In addition, e-learning enables learners to select proper courses and learning material that can be reviewed as many times as necessary to enhance their understanding and specific skills (Jingyu, 2014). However, the learners may face several challenges and risks during online courses. Jingyus study (2014) shows unreasonable time management may pose them to the possibility of procrastination. As a result, learners must have much self-motivation, wise organization and plan to keep up with online courses (Jingyu, 2014). Besides, another concern is the loss of face-to-face interaction. The 2011 study carried by the University of Plymouth implied that online environment reduced both student-instructor int eraction and the interaction with learners peers, which can cause feelings of isolation (as cited in ODonoghue, Singh Green, 2004). According to Micu and Sinu (2012), web-based tools has both advantages and disadvantages in terms of teaching and learning language translation. As to teaching written translation, they rely on the Internet accessibility. Regarding learning translation, Abraham indicates (2003) that students may benefit from web-based machine translation sites, online dictionaries, and language-related websites are sources that may frequently be consulted and used by foreign language learners (as cited in Micu Sinu, 2012, p. 124). However, they may misguidedly use these web-based tools due to lack of discussion and employment of such resources as part of their class activities. Another negative aspect is that resources from the Internet are not always reliable and of good quality since anyone can post information on the Web, including non-experts, and Web documents are not always subject to an editing process in the same way that printed documents usually are (Bowker, 2003 as cited in Micu Sinu, 20 12, p. 124). Constructing and Utilizing Web Applications (500w Cà ´ng) Background and construction of web applications Over the years, the World Wide Web has rapidly evolved from a delivery system for static documents to a popular platform today for programming distributed web applications. According to Stuttard and Pinto (2011), the World Wide Web formerly consisted only of information repositories that contained static documents, and the information flowed in one way, from server to browser. Nowadays, most websites are highly functional applications counting on two-way flow of information between the server and browser (Stuttard Pinto, 2011). Joshi, Aref, Ghafoor and Spafford (2001) illustrate a web application as a three-tier architecture that consists of a Web client, network servers, and a back-end information system supported by a suite of databases. (p. 38). Chlipala (2015) claims that a web application of rich functionality today must generate HTML, for document structure; CSS, for document formatting; JavaScript, a scripting language for client-side interactivity; and HTTP, a protocol for sending all of the above and more, to and from browsers. Common functions of a web app include shopping, social networking, banking and interaction information, etc. (Stuttard Pinto, 2011). Vosloo (n.d.) refers to using a Content Management System (CMS) and using a web framework as two main ways of building web applications today. CMSs, normally coming with such pre-built modules as discussion forums, FAQs and online polls, allows non-technical users with little knowledge about web development to add pages and content. A web framework, on the other hand, is intended for a more technical user. Web frameworks originate from the reusable code that is put in libraries for doing tasks repeatedly (Vosloo, n.d.). Utilizing the Web App and Interaction in online learning In her article, Sarica (2008) points out communication technologies are classified as asynchronous or synchronous. In the former one, technologies such as blogs, forum and e-mail are utilized so that people can participate and engage in the community without depending on others involvement at the same time. The later form synchronous, on the other hand, involves real-time activities of exchanging ideas and information among participants. The participants can take advantages of web-based learning because they can access resources in multiple formats anytime and anywhere as well as learn more independently and actively. Interaction is often regarded as a significant component of a successful online learning. Palloff and Pratt (1999) claim that the keys to the learning process are the interactions among students themselves, the interactions between faculty and students, and the collaboration in learning that results from these interactions (as cited in Su et al., 2005, p.1). In addition, the evidence from some other research (Irani, 1998; Zhang Fulford, 1994; Zirkin Sumler, 1995) suggests more interaction means more students satisfaction and better learning outcomes (as cited in Su et al., 2005). Moore (1989) classified interaction into three categories, namely learner-instructor, learner-learner and learner-content. Learner-instructor interactions create an environment in which students are encouraged to have better understandings about the content. Moore also indicate that learner-learner interactions take place among learners with or without the real-time presence of an instructor (as cited in Su et al., 2005). According to Garrison (1990), this type of interaction is found to motivate students and enable them to have better learning experiences (as cited in Sabry Baldwin, 2003). Sabry and Baldwin (2003) pointed out two forms of learner-learner interactions including asynchronously (non-real time) through using, for example, email or discussion boards, or synchronously (real-time) using, for example, conferencing and chat facilities (p. 445). Learner-content interaction is defined as the process of learners interacting intellectually with content, leading to changes in th eir understanding and perspective (Moore, 1989 as cited in Su et al., 2005). However, there is not much to discuss about it because interaction patterns vary on different contents (Su et al., 2005). Other types of interactions (as cited in Su et al., 2005, p.3) that are not widely discussed include vicarious interaction (Devries, 1996; Sutton, 2001) and learner-self interactions (Soo Bonk, 1998; Robertson, 2002). Su et al. (2005) suggest several technologies and instructional activities that will enhance learners understanding the subject matter and deepen their critical reflection and analysis skills. Some frequently used technologies that may be applied in online education to promote interactions include textbooks; multimedia combining texts, audio and images via the Internet or CD-ROM; streaming audio and video; as well as synchronous and asynchronous communication tools, for instance discussion boards, instant messaging and file-sharing (McGreal, 2004 as cited in Su et al., 2005). The study by Gilbert, Morton and Rowley (2007) showed that students appreciated discussion forums or threads, and that many used them as their main mode of interaction. In addition to technologies, instructional activities can also promote course interactions, thus enable students to understand the content better and improve their engagement in learning. Su et al. (2005) also cited several examples of educators employing instructional activities to enhance interactions and improve learning. Learner-instructor, for example, can be enhanced through virtual office hours (Branon Essex, 2001). Teamwork is emphasized in learner-learner interactions by Peter (2000). Likewise, Sutton (2001) stimulated students to read others discussions to learn through vicarious interactions. In respect of learner-content interactions, Kerka (1996) recommends students reply to questionnaires so that they can self-examine their views related to the content (as cited in Su et al., 2005). References Meenakshi. (2013). Importance of ICT in Education. IOSR, 1(4), 3-8. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org Mikre, F. (2011). The Roles of Information Communication Technologies in Education. Ethiop. J. Educ. Sc, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejesc/article/viewFile/73521/62437 Abbad, M. M., Morris, D., Nahlik, C. d. (2009). 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